What Causes Dark Spots on Skin
Dark spots—those unwelcome little guests that show up unannounced on your face, hands, or shoulders—often appear without warning. Maybe one popped up after a sunny weekend getaway. Maybe another arrived as a souvenir from a long-healed blemish. Wherever they come from, one thing’s for sure: they’re frustrating, and they’re stubborn.
But before you go panic-Googling miracle cures or layering your skin with every brightening serum in sight, it’s worth taking a beat to understand what causes dark spots in the first place. Because once you understand the why, finding the right fix (or better yet, preventing them altogether) becomes a whole lot easier.
We dug into the research, talked to dermatologists, and parsed through the myths and the facts to bring you a comprehensive guide that’s both evidence-based and easy to understand. Here’s everything you need to know about what causes dark spots—and what you can do about them.
What Are Dark Spots, Really?
Dark spots, also known as hyperpigmentation, are patches of skin that become darker than the surrounding area. This darkening occurs due to an excess production of melanin—the pigment that gives skin its color.
These spots can vary in size and usually develop on areas of the body that get the most sun exposure, like the face, hands, shoulders, and arms. They’re not typically dangerous, but they can be a cosmetic concern for many people, leading to a search for effective treatment and prevention.
1. The Usual Suspect: Sun Exposure
Let’s get the obvious one out of the way. The sun may feel glorious on your skin, but it’s also the number one contributor to dark spots. UV rays trigger melanocytes (your skin’s pigment-producing cells) to kick into high gear, resulting in concentrated patches of melanin.
If you’ve ever heard the term sun spots or age spots, these are exactly that: areas of hyperpigmentation caused by cumulative sun exposure over time. And while they’re more common as we age, they can pop up at any time—especially if sunscreen isn’t part of your daily routine.
2. Hormones and Melasma
Ever notice skin changes during pregnancy or while on birth control? You’re not imagining it. Melasma, often referred to as “the mask of pregnancy,” is a type of hyperpigmentation triggered by hormonal shifts.
It typically appears as symmetrical patches on the cheeks, forehead, upper lip, and jawline, and it’s more common in women and people with darker skin tones.
What’s tricky about melasma is that it’s incredibly stubborn—often exacerbated by sun exposure and not easily treated with over-the-counter products alone.
3. Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation
Ever had a breakout that left behind a mark long after the pimple was gone? That’s post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation—your skin’s reaction to trauma or inflammation.
PIH is common after acne, eczema, psoriasis, or even a small cut or scratch. The skin responds to the inflammation by producing extra melanin, leading to a lingering dark spot.
PIH is especially common in darker skin tones, and while it usually fades over time, it can take months (or longer) without intervention.
4. Acne Scars
Not to be confused with true acne scars that involve changes in skin texture (like pits or raised bumps), pigmented acne marks are flat and discolored, falling under the PIH umbrella.
These spots form as your skin heals from a breakout, and depending on your skin type, they can be red, brown, or even purple in hue. They’re not technically “scars,” but they can linger and be just as annoying.
5. Skin Injuries and Irritation
Yes, even a bug bite or rash can leave a dark spot behind. Any type of trauma to the skin—whether it’s from a burn, a scratch, or even overly aggressive exfoliation—can lead to hyperpigmentation.
This is your body’s natural healing process in action, but the overproduction of pigment can sometimes overstay its welcome.
6. Genetics
Just like with freckles, some people are simply more prone to dark spots than others. If your parents or grandparents have sun spots, melasma, or PIH, chances are you might experience them too.
While you can’t change your genetics, you can stack the deck in your favor with proactive skincare and sun protection.
7. Medications and Photosensitivity
Certain medications—like antibiotics, anti-seizure meds, or chemotherapy drugs—can make your skin more sensitive to sunlight. This condition is called photosensitivity, and it increases your risk of developing dark spots with even mild sun exposure.
How to Prevent Dark Spots from Forming
While you can’t always stop dark spots entirely, there’s plenty you can do to keep them at bay:
SPF every single day: Broad-spectrum, SPF 30 or higher. No exceptions.
Avoid picking at your skin: Blemishes and scabs left alone heal faster and cleaner.
Use gentle actives: Ingredients like niacinamide, azelaic acid, and retinoids can reduce inflammation and help prevent pigmentation.
Stay hydrated: A healthy skin barrier equals better healing.
How to Fade Existing Dark Spots
Now for the question on everyone’s mind: Can you get rid of dark spots?
The answer is yes—but slowly. Here’s what dermatologists often recommend:
1. Vitamin C
A beloved antioxidant that brightens and protects. Look for L-ascorbic acid at concentrations around 10–20%.
2. Retinoids
These increase cell turnover, helping your skin shed pigmented cells faster. Prescription retinoids like tretinoin are especially effective.
3. Hydroquinone
A powerful skin-lightening agent, available in both OTC and prescription strengths. Use under medical supervision, as it can irritate skin and isn’t suitable for long-term use.
4. Azelaic Acid
Great for both acne and pigmentation, especially for sensitive skin.
5. Chemical Peels and Laser Treatments
Professional options that work deeper in the skin. These are best done with a dermatologist or licensed provider.
Final Thoughts
It’s easy to feel discouraged by dark spots—especially since they don’t vanish overnight. But your skin doesn’t need to be spotless to be beautiful, and your journey to clearer skin doesn’t need to be rushed or harsh.
Consistency is key. With the right combination of sun protection, targeted treatments, and a gentle skincare routine, you can see real results over time.
And maybe, just maybe, the dark spot that once felt like an eyesore becomes a lot less important once you understand the science behind it—and how to treat your skin with a little more love.